Spanish preterite spelling changes: llegué, busqué, cayó and pidió
Many Spanish preterite forms look irregular but follow three predictable patterns. Llegar becomes llegué, buscar becomes busqué and empezar becomes empecé: verbs ending in -car, -gar and -zar change their spelling only in the yo form. Caer, leer and oír write a y in the third person: cayó, leyó, oyó. And -ir stem-changing verbs such as pedir and morir change their vowel only in the third person: pidió, murió.

All of these verbs use the normal preterite endings. If you need to review those endings first, start with our guide to conjugating -ar, -er and -ir verbs. This article is about the forms that make learners ask “why is there a u (or a y) here?”
The three patterns at a glance
| Pattern | Which forms change | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| -car → -qué, -gar → -gué, -zar → -cé | yo only | busqué, llegué, empecé |
| vowel + -er / -ir: i → y | él / ella / usted and ellos / ellas / ustedes | cayó, cayeron; leyó, leyeron; oyó, oyeron |
| -ir stem change: e → i, o → u | él / ella / usted and ellos / ellas / ustedes | pidió, pidieron; murió, murieron |
Every other form of these verbs is regular. That makes them much easier to learn than truly irregular preterites such as fui, tuve or hice.
Pattern 1: -car, -gar and -zar verbs change in the yo form
The regular -ar ending for yo is -é. When you add it to a stem that ends in c, g or z, Spanish spelling has to adjust so the word keeps its sound:
- c → qu: c before e is no longer a /k/ sound, so busc- + -é is written busqué.
- g → gu: g before e sounds like the Spanish j, so lleg- + -é is written llegué. The u is silent.
- z → c: Spanish normally writes c, not z, before e, so empez- + -é is written empecé.
You can see these forms in the RAE dictionary's conjugation tables for buscar, llegar and empezar.
| Person | buscar | llegar | empezar |
|---|---|---|---|
| yo | busqué | llegué | empecé |
| tú | buscaste | llegaste | empezaste |
| él / ella / usted | buscó | llegó | empezó |
| nosotros / nosotras | buscamos | llegamos | empezamos |
| vosotros / vosotras | buscasteis | llegasteis | empezasteis |
| ellos / ellas / ustedes | buscaron | llegaron | empezaron |
The other forms do not change because their endings start with a or o: buscaste, llegó, empezaron.
- Ayer llegué tarde al trabajo. (Yesterday I arrived late to work.)
- Busqué mis llaves por toda la casa. (I looked for my keys all over the house.)
- Empecé a estudiar español en marzo. (I started studying Spanish in March.)
More verbs that follow the same pattern:
- -car: tocar → toqué, sacar → saqué, explicar → expliqué, practicar → practiqué
- -gar: pagar → pagué, jugar → jugué, apagar → apagué
- -zar: comenzar → comencé, almorzar → almorcé, realizar → realicé, cruzar → crucé
Two details trip learners up here. First, empezar, comenzar, almorzar and jugar have a stem change in the present tense (empiezo, almuerzo, juego), but not in the preterite: the forms are empecé, almorcé and jugué, never empiecé or juegué. You can check this in the RAE model for jugar (DPD, modelos de conjugación). Second, the same spelling change appears in the present subjunctive (busque, llegue, empiece), because those endings also start with e. Our article on the subjunctive, indicative and imperative moods covers when you need those forms.
Pattern 2: caer, leer, creer and oír write a y in the third person
Some -er and -ir verbs have a stem that ends in a vowel: ca-er, le-er, cre-er, o-ír. The regular third-person endings are -ió and -ieron. Between two vowels, that unstressed i becomes a y. The RAE explains this when it introduces leer as a conjugation model: le- + -ió gives leyó, not leió (DPD, modelos de conjugación).
| Person | caer | leer | oír |
|---|---|---|---|
| yo | caí | leí | oí |
| tú | caíste | leíste | oíste |
| él / ella / usted | cayó | leyó | oyó |
| nosotros / nosotras | caímos | leímos | oímos |
| vosotros / vosotras | caísteis | leísteis | oísteis |
| ellos / ellas / ustedes | cayeron | leyeron | oyeron |
Creer works exactly like leer: creí, creíste, creyó, creímos, creísteis, creyeron. Don't apply this to traer, whose preterite is truly irregular: traje, trajo, trajeron.
Notice the written accents in the other forms: caíste, leímos, oísteis. They show that the i is stressed and is pronounced as a separate syllable. Without the accent, caiste would be read with a diphthong, like the ai in aire.
- El vaso se cayó de la mesa. (The glass fell off the table.)
- ¿Oíste las noticias? (Did you hear the news?)
- Mis padres no me creyeron. (My parents didn't believe me.)
Construir and other -uir verbs
Verbs ending in -uir, such as construir, incluir, destruir and huir, also take the y: construyó, construyeron. But they are written without an accent in the other forms: construiste, construimos, construisteis (see the RAE model for construir in the DPD conjugation tables). So oíste has an accent, while construiste does not.
Pattern 3: -ir stem-changing verbs change in the third person
Almost every -ir verb that has a stem change in the present also changes in the preterite, but only in the third person singular and plural:
- e → i: pedir → pidió, pidieron; sentir → sintió, sintieron (even though the present is siento)
- o → u: morir → murió, murieron; dormir → durmió, durmieron
| Person | pedir | sentir | morir |
|---|---|---|---|
| yo | pedí | sentí | morí |
| tú | pediste | sentiste | moriste |
| él / ella / usted | pidió | sintió | murió |
| nosotros / nosotras | pedimos | sentimos | morimos |
| vosotros / vosotras | pedisteis | sentisteis | moristeis |
| ellos / ellas / ustedes | pidieron | sintieron | murieron |
The forms match the RAE models for pedir, sentir and dormir (DPD, modelos de conjugación); morir follows the same pattern as dormir. Other common verbs in this group are servir (sirvió), repetir (repitió), seguir (siguió), preferir (prefirió) and divertirse (se divirtió).
- Ana pidió una paella para todos. (Ana ordered a paella for everyone.)
- Los niños durmieron diez horas. (The children slept ten hours.)
- Mi abuelo murió en 2010. (My grandfather died in 2010.)
This change happens only with -ir verbs. Stem-changing -ar and -er verbs are regular in the preterite: pensar → pensó, volver → volvió, encontrar → encontró, entender → entendió.
Common mistakes
Writing llegé, buscé or empezé. The correct forms are llegué, busqué and empecé. Say the word aloud: llegé would sound like “lle-HE.”
Changing more than the yo form. Only yo changes in Pattern 1. Él llegó and ellos buscaron are regular.
Writing leió or caieron. Use y: leyó, cayeron. Forms like leió do not exist.
Forgetting the accent in caíste, leímos or oíste. These accents are part of the correct spelling.
Writing pedió or dormió. The third person of -ir stem-changing verbs changes: pidió, durmió. The opposite mistake is also common: yo pidí is wrong; write yo pedí.
Adding the present-tense stem change. Jugué, empecé and volví have no ue or ie in the preterite.
Practice: ten preterite exercises
Complete each sentence with the preterite of the verb in brackets.
- Ayer yo ___ a casa a las nueve. (llegar)
- Yo ___ el piano en el concierto del colegio. (tocar)
- El sábado ___ (yo) al tenis con mi hermana. (jugar)
- Yo ___ a trabajar a los dieciocho años. (empezar)
- La niña se ___ de la bicicleta. (caer)
- Mis amigos ___ el libro en una semana. (leer)
- ¿Tú ___ ese ruido? (oír)
- El camarero nos ___ el café muy rápido. (servir)
- Mis abuelos ___ en ese hospital. (morir)
- Correct this sentence: Ella pedió la cuenta y yo pagé.
Show answersHide answers
- llegué. -gar verbs add a silent u in the yo form to keep the hard g sound.
- toqué. -car verbs change c to qu before é.
- jugué. -gar spelling change in the yo form; no ue stem change in the preterite.
- empecé. -zar verbs write c before é, and empezar has no ie stem change in the preterite.
- cayó. Caer (here caerse, to fall off) writes y in the third person: se cayó.
- leyeron. Leer writes y in the third person plural.
- oíste. No y in the tú form, but it needs an accent on the í.
- sirvió. Servir is an -ir stem-changing verb: e → i in the third person.
- murieron. Morir changes o → u in the third person plural.
- Ella pidió la cuenta y yo pagué. Pedir changes in the third person (pidió), and pagar changes in the yo form (pagué).
Where to go next
These spelling changes are about form. To decide when to use the preterite rather than the imperfect, read how to choose the preterite or the imperfect. For the most irregular verb of all, see our ir conjugation guide.
You can check every person and tense in the Espanido conjugation tables for llegar, buscar, empezar, jugar, caer, leer, oír, pedir, seguir and morir.
Now write three sentences about what you did yesterday using llegué, busqué or empecé, and two more about someone else using leyó and pidió. Then continue with the Spanish preterite exercises on Espanido to practice the pretérito indefinido in full sentences. The pretérito indefinido lesson explains the tense step by step.