Oraciones PasivasPassive Sentences in Spanish

Passive sentences are a type of sentence where the subject receives the action of the verb rather than performs it. This contrasts with active sentences, where the subject performs the action. Understanding the difference between these two structures is essential for mastering grammatical accuracy and nuance in communication.

To define passive sentences: in a passive sentence, the object of an active sentence becomes the subject, and the subject of an active sentence (if mentioned) appears after the verb, usually introduced by a preposition such as "by." The verb in passive sentences is formed using the verb "to be" plus the past participle of the main verb.

Here is a simple comparison to differentiate passive sentences from active sentences:

The grammatical structure of passive sentences can be summarized as follows:

• Subject + to be (conjugated) + past participle + (by + agent)

The agent, or doer of the action, is often omitted when it is unknown or unnecessary to mention. When the emphasis is on the action itself rather than who performed it, passive sentences are particularly useful.

In general communication, passive sentences are used to:

• Highlight the action or the recipient of the action.
• De-emphasize the agent (doer) of the action.
• Maintain a formal tone in writing.

To form passive sentences from active ones, several grammatical changes are necessary. The process can be broken down into a few key steps:

1. Identify the subject, verb, and object in the active sentence.
2. Move the object of the active sentence to the subject position in the passive sentence.
3. Conjugate the verb ser (to be) in the same tense as the main verb in the active sentence. This will serve as the auxiliary verb.
4. Add the past participle of the main verb. Make sure the past participle agrees in gender and number with the new subject.
5. Optionally, introduce the original subject with the preposition por (by).

Let's consider some examples to illustrate this process:

• Active: El chef cocina la cena.
• Passive: La cena es cocinada por el chef.

The table below illustrates the verb ser conjugated in different tenses, to be used as the auxiliary verb in passive constructions:

Finally, ensure that the past participle agrees with the new subject:

• Masculine singular: cocinado, leído, enseñado
• Feminine singular: cocinada, leída, enseñada
• Masculine plural: cocinados, leídos, enseñados
• Feminine plural: cocinadas, leídas, enseñadas

Passive sentences are typically employed in various contexts and situations in the Spanish language. Here are the key scenarios:

• Emphasizing the action or the object: Often, the focus is on the action being performed or the object receiving the action rather than the subject performing it. For example, 'La casa fue construida por los obreros.' (The house was built by the workers). In this case, the construction of the house is more important than who built it.
• Unknown or irrelevant subject: When the doer of the action is unknown, unimportant, or implied, the passive voice is used. For example, 'Se ha tomado una decisión.' (A decision has been made). Here, it does not matter who made the decision.
• Formal or impersonal tone: Passive constructions often lend a formal or impersonal tone to statements, making them suitable for official or academic writing. For instance, 'El informe será revisado.' (The report will be reviewed).
• Scientific and technical contexts: In scientific and technical writing, the focus is frequently on the processes and results rather than the individuals conducting the experiment or study. For example, 'El experimento fue realizado en laboratorio.' (The experiment was conducted in a laboratory).

Using passive construction over active reduces the emphasis on the subject, which can be beneficial in these situations. Here’s a comparison table:

In passive sentences, the subject and the agent play essential roles in conveying who is performing the action and upon whom the action is being performed.

When analyzing the function of the subject and the agent in passive sentences, it’s important to note the following:

• The Subject:
  • The subject of a passive sentence is the entity that receives the action. For example, in the sentence "La carta fue escrita por María", "la carta" is the subject that receives the action of being written.
• The Agent:
  • The agent is the performer of the action in a passive sentence and is typically introduced by the preposition "por". For example, in the sentence "El libro fue leído por Juan", "Juan" is the agent performing the action of reading.
  • Sometimes the agent can be omitted when it is either unknown, irrelevant, or implied by context. For instance, "El proyecto fue aprobado" does not specify who approved the project, focusing instead on the fact that it was approved.

This structure allows for shifting emphasis from the doer of the action (agent) to the receiver of the action (subject). By doing so, speakers can highlight the importance of the action’s impact on the subject rather than the performer. For example, "La canción fue escuchada por millones" emphasizes the song and its widespread listening rather than focusing on who did the listening.

When forming passive sentences, learners often encounter several common mistakes. Recognizing these errors is crucial for mastering the passive voice effectively.

1. Misuse of the verb 'to be'

• One frequent mistake is conjugating the verb 'to be' (ser) incorrectly. This verb must align with the subject in both number and gender.

Incorrect: La carta fueron enviadas.
Correct: La carta fue enviada.

2. Incorrect past participle agreement

• Learners often forget to match the past participle with the subject in gender and number.

Incorrect: Las casas son construido por los obreros.
Correct: Las casas son construidas por los obreros.

3. Omitting the agent

• Sometimes the agent (the performer of the action) is omitted or misplaced, leading to confusion or incomplete sentences.

Incorrect: Fue pintado.
Correct: Fue pintado por el artista.

4. Using the wrong preposition

• Another common error is using the wrong preposition. In passive constructions, the agent should be introduced with the preposition 'por'.

Incorrect: El libro fue escrito de Miguel.
Correct: El libro fue escrito por Miguel.

5. Ignoring tense consistency

• Learners sometimes mix tenses in the auxiliary verb tenses and the past participle, causing a mismatch in the sentence.

Incorrect: La puerta es abierta por Juan la semana pasada.
Correct: La puerta fue abierta por Juan la semana pasada.