Plural forms of nouns.How to change a noun to plural.

To form the plural of Spanish nouns, follow these general rules based on the final letter of the noun:

• If a noun ends in a vowel (a, e, i, o, u), add -s to the end.
  For example: casa becomes casas, amigo becomes amigos.
• If a noun ends in a consonant, add -es to the end.
  For example: animal becomes animales, doctor becomes doctores.
• If a noun ends in -z, change the -z to -c and add -es.
  For example: luz becomes luces, vez becomes veces.

Note the following exceptions and special cases:

• Some nouns that end in -s or -x remain unchanged in their plural form if the last syllable is unstressed.
  For example: lunes stays lunes, crisis stays crisis.
• Nouns ending in accented vowels -á, -é, -ó simply add -es.
  For example: sofá becomes sofás, café becomes cafés.

For nouns ending in different vowels and consonants, plurals are formed according to specific rules:

Vowels:

• If a noun ends in -a, -e, or -o, simply add -s to form the plural.
  Examples: casa -> casas, perro -> perros, niño -> niños.
• If a noun ends in a stressed -í or -ú, add -es to form the plural.
  Examples: rubí -> rubíes, tabú -> tabúes.

Consonants:

• If a noun ends in a consonant, add -es to form the plural.
  Examples: reloj -> relojes, animal -> animales, mujer -> mujeres.
• If a noun ends in -z, change the -z to -c and add -es.
  Examples: lápiz -> lápices, pez -> peces.

These rules help in correctly forming the plural of nouns based on their ending letters.

For nouns ending in z, a special rule applies when forming the plural. The z changes to c before adding es. This modification is essential to maintain the correct pronunciation and spelling of the plurals.

• The noun pez (fish) changes to peces.
• The noun voz (voice) changes to voces.
• The noun luz (light) changes to luces.

The pattern can be summarized in a table for clearer understanding:

Compound nouns pose particular rules when forming their plurals. Understanding these rules is crucial for accurate usage.

For compound nouns formed by a verb and a noun, both elements usually remain unchanged unless the second element is pluralized:

• lavaplatos (dishwasher) becomes lavaplatos (dishwashers)
• paraguas (umbrella) becomes paraguas (umbrellas)
• Exceptions may occur with regional variations or specific cases.

When compound nouns consist of two nouns, forming the plural typically involves changing the first element:

• ferrocarril (railroad) becomes ferrocarriles (railroads)
• baloncesto (basketball) becomes baloncestos (basketballs)

Some compound nouns have irregular plural forms, often shaped by historical usage or phonetic considerations:

• sacapuntas (pencil sharpener) becomes sacapuntas (pencil sharpeners), retaining the same form.
• Always verify with a reliable source when in doubt.

Although standard rules exist for forming plurals, there are some exceptions:

• For words ending in a consonant, usually, the plural is formed by adding -es. However, there are exceptions:
• For words ending in -z, change -z to -ces:
  
  • lápiz becomes lápices
  • vez becomes veces
• Nouns ending in unstressed -s or -x usually do not change in the plural form:
  
  • el lunes becomes los lunes
  • el tórax becomes los tórax
• For some foreign words or abbreviations, the plural may not follow the standard rules and often remain unchanged:
• góspel remains góspel
• CD remains CD
• Certain compound nouns form their plurals by pluralizing the first element:
  
  • el rascacielos becomes los rascacielos
  • el cumpleaños becomes los cumpleaños